Illustrations

1.1. Map of East and Southeast Asia

2.1. Children at Saigon’s Botanical Gardens, 1920s

3.1. “Slave Girls Carrying Children,” Hong Kong, c. 1900

4.1. “Great Britain and Ireland and Her Colonies Where M.C.L. Is Actively at Work,” 1906

4.2. Jules Gervais-Courtellemont, “Quatre naïfs du poste de Hien-Luong,” 1901

4.3. Honoré Daumier, “La République,” 1848

4.4. Clémentine-Hélène Dufau, “Gouvernement Général de l’Indo-Chine, exposition de Hanoï,” 1902

4.5. Paul Tournon, “La France Protectrice,” 1902

4.6. The Ministering Children’s League Bazaar, 1916

4.7. The Ministering Children’s League Bazaar, 1916

4.8. “Twinkle, twinkle, little star,” Lillian Newton as a Fairy, 1899

5.1. “Le jeune Empereur Duy-Than et son entourage,” c. 1907

5.2. Emperor Duy Tân on display

5.3. “Le départ pour le Tonkin,” c. 1890

5.4. “Oh! La la, les vilaines figures . . . qui vive!” c. 1890

5.5. “Enfoncé le pavillon noir,” c. 1890

5.6. “An Incident from the Queen of Hearts,” Ministering Children’s League Penang Branch, 1928

5.7. “Proud Mothers with Their Prize-Winning Babies,” 1928

5.8. Fun o’ the Fair, Lee Gardens, Hong Kong, 1938

5.9. Marie-Antoinette Boullard-Devé, Untitled portrait of a child, 1927

5.10. Marie-Antoinette Boullard-Devé, “Annam,” 1926

6.1. “At the Peak,” 1874

7.1. “Ah Moy, A Child Slave of Hong Kong,” 1930

9.1. “The Retort Courteous,” 1867